Like most of us this summer, I've been shocked and moved by the images of refugees in flight from the turmoil of the Middle East, fleeing conflict by any means they can, making the long and perilous journey on foot, by boat, and on foot again, trekking towards Europe, seeking to find some sort of security, a new life for themselves and for their children.
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| Syrian refugees |
This mass movement of people is unprecedented in recent times. In casting about to find any kind of analogy for what we are seeing in our newspapers and on our screens, the nearest most reporters and correspondents can find is the movement of German populations fleeing from the advancing Russians and then the further mass expulsion of ethnic German populations after the Second World War.
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| German expellees |
Until recent events, the mass expulsion of Ethnic Germans (the Volksdeutsche) who had been living in the different countries of Central and Eastern Europe, often for centuries, was rather lost to history, just another of the consequences, a postscript to the manifold horrors of the Second World World War. It is, however, worth recalling it now. The scale of the population movement was astonishing. 'The expulsion of the ethnic Germans was not only to be by any measure the greatest forced migration in human history, but may well constitute the greatest single movement of population'*. The operation permanently displaced at least 12 million and perhaps as many as 14 million people. They were the Sudeten Germans, Carpathian Germans, Volga, Baltic, Bessarabian Germans, the Germans of Poland and Pomerania. Some of these populations lived in places very distant from the geographic Germany and most had been there for a very long time. No matter how long they had been there, and some could trace their settlement back to the Teutonic Knights of the 13th Century, they were going to have to move. At Potsdam outside Berlin the victorious Allies, Britain, America and the USSR, were coming to an Agreement about the future of Europe.
Article XII states:
'The Three Governments, having considered the question in all its aspects, recognise that the transfer to Germany of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining in Poland, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, will have to be undertaken. They agree that any transfers that take place should be effected in an orderly and humane manner.'
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| Refugee children in Berlin |
'...equivalent to transplanting the entire population of Australia, or the combined populations of Scotland and Ireland.'
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| Refugees on the road |
The expulsions were neither orderly, nor humane. Deaths were estimated to have been between 500,00 to 1.5 million. Lieutenant Colonel Byford-Jones' eye witness account gives some idea of the chaos and suffering involved:
'As the morning wore on, we met thousands of people carrying sacks, rucksacks and portmanteaux, who had obviously been on their way for days along that same long, weary road, sleeping at night in barns or on the roadside ... Women who had lost husbands, and children, men who had lost their wives; men and women who had lost their homes and children ... There were also little children who were alone, carrying some small bundle, with a pathetic label tied to them.'**
A Junker, who had once owned large estates, told him:
The last sentence has a horribly familiar ring about it, doesn't it? This mass movement of people happened in Europe within living memory. The current crisis has not yet reached anything like these proportions but winter is coming on and there seems no let up in the numbers coming. There have been too many deaths already. We study history so we can learn from it, let's hope that we do.
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*'Orderly and Humane', R.M. Douglas
**'Berlin Twilight', Lieutenant Colonel W. Byford-Jones
*'Orderly and Humane', R.M. Douglas
**'Berlin Twilight', Lieutenant Colonel W. Byford-Jones